INTRODUCTION

Praise and Gratitude we pray to the Almighty God's Presence, because of his mercy and blessing, so that we can work this paper well and on time. In this paper we discuss about Infinitives.

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We realize that there are still many fundamental shortfall in this paper. Therefore we invite readers to give suggestions and criticisms which we can build. Constructive criticism from readers so we expect to further refinement of paper.

Hopefully, this paper can provide a benefit to all of us.

PARTICIPIAL PHRASE

A.    DEFINITION OF PARTICIPIAL PHRASE

A combination of participle with the modifier or complement.

B.     TYPES OR KINDS OF PARTICIPIAL PHRASE

There are two kinds of participial phrase, they are present and past participle phrases.

            Example :

	Active voice / present participle	Passive voice / past participle
General form	Offering	Offered
Perfect form	Having offered	Having been offered

C.    POSITION OF ADVERBS IN PARTICIPIAL PHRASE

Adverbs are usually in initial or final position in participial phrases, depending on where they would appear with a finite verb.

Example : - Quickly clearing the table or clearing the table quickly, she went into the  kitchen to bring out the coffee.

-          Always thinking of others first, he allowed everyone else to precede him in line.

An adverb takes the same position with an auxiliary of a participle as it does with an auxiliary of finite verb.

Example : - Being completely absorbed in his experiment, he was unaware of the passage of time.

-          Having recently come late, he returned to his home.

Some adverbs of frequency may appear either before or after the first auxiliary.

Example : - Having never learnt seriously, she was confused in final examination.

OR

-    Never having learnt seriously, she was confused in final examination.

D.    POSITION AND PUNCTUATION OF PARTICIPIAL PHARES

Participial phrases that are alternate constructions for adjective clauses usually appear after the nouns they modify.

For such participial phrases, the punctuation is the same as for adjective clause; that is, commas cut off only nonrestrictive phrases.

Nonrestrictive phrases referring to the subject of the main verb are movable and may be found in two other positions for nonrestrictive elements.

1.      At the beginning of the sentence.

Example : Studying very hard, Walcott got the best score.

2.      At the end of the sentence.

Example : Mastour exercised seriously, hoping to get starter in his team.

E.     POSSIBLE MEANING OF PARTICIPIAL PHRASES

        1. Time ( Adverbial clause of time ).

Example : - After Wida had finished her homework, she sat down to watch television.

                                                                        BE

- Having finished her homework, she sat down to watch television.

2.   Cause (Adverbial clause of cause ).

Example : - Because Arman had worked hard all his time, he decided to take a long vacation.

                                                            BE

- Having worked hard all his time, he decided to take a long vacation.

3.   Manner ( Adverbial clause of manner ).

Example : He came to the party looking like a burn.

4.   Result ( Adverbial clause of result ).

      Example : - He contributed a large sum to the library, Thus he made possible the purchase of some badly needed books.

                                                               BE

- He contributed a large sum to the library, making possible the purchase of some badly needed books.

F.     SPECIAL EXPRESSION OF PARTICIPIAL PHRASES

1.      Some certain verbs of perception followed by V-ing.

-    The verbs          :

                  Feel, Hear, Observe, Notice, Look at, Listen to, See, Smell, Watch

-    Form                  :

                  Subject + certain verbs of perception + Noun/pron/V-ing/V1

-    Example            :

                  Yesterday when I was driving a car, I saw Maria crying on the street.

2.      Some special expression followed by v-ing.

-    Form                  :

a.  Subject + Have +      Noun Of Fun   + V-Ing

                        Noun Of Difficulty

b.      Subject + Stand, Sit, Lie + Expression of place + V-ing

c.       Subject + Spend + Expression Of Money + V-ing

                Waste + epression of time

d.      Subject + Catch, Find + Noun/ Pronoun + V-Ing

- Example               :

1.      She has a trouble finishing her duties.

2.      Tini has a good time playing football.

3.      I found her reading book.

 

CLOSING

Well, this paper may be useful for people who read it and add insight to the people who read this paper. And the authors apologize if there are errors in writing words and sentences that are not clear, understand, and please do not be straight forwardly incorporated into heart.

And we also expect that this paper will increase reading motivation and reaching dream they want, because I made this paper has a very deep significance.

Well, that is all from us, hopefully it will give thing valuable and we thank you profusely.

REFERENCES

1. Azar, Betty. S., Understanding and Using English Grammar, Second edition, Prentice Hall. Inc., New York, 1989.
2. Frank, Marcella., Modern English, Prentice Hall. Inc., New York, 1972.
3. Raimes, Ann., How English Work, Cambridge University Press,.